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Solutions:

their chemistry and physical properties

chem1 virtual textbook

a reference text for General Chemistry

Stephen Lower

Simon Fraser University

The Chem1 Virtual Textbook is a resource for General Chemistry aimed mainly at the first-year university level. It offers a more comprehensive, organized, and measured approach than is found in most standard textbooks. It should also be accessible to advanced high-school courses, and helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in chemistry, biology, geology, and engineering.

hard water

To access the desired page, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading.

1- Solutions and their concentrations

- Introducing Solutions
- Understanding concentrations
- What you should be able to do
- Concept map

2- Solution types and energetics:
why solutions form (or don't)

- Energetics of solution formation
- Types of solutions
- What you should be able to do
- Concept map

3- Solutions of non-volatile components: Raoult's law and colligative properties

- Raoult's law and vapor pressure
- Boiling point elevation
- Freezing point depression
- More on FP depression and BP elevation
- Colligative properties and entropy
- What you should be able to do
- Concept map

4- Osmotic pressure and osmosis

- Introduction
- Some practical applications
- Osmosis in biology and physiology
- What you should be able to do
- Concept map

5 - Solutions of volatile liquids, Distillation

- Solutions of volatile liquids
- Distillation
- Azeotropes: the limits of distillation
- Some special distillation methods
- Industrial scale distillation
- Crude oil refining-
- Notes
- References
- What you should be able to do
- Concept map

6 - Solubility of salts : solubility equilibria

Part 1, for most introductory courses

- Dissolution of salts in water
- Solubility products
- Competing equilibria involving solids
- What you should be able to do (Part 1)

Part 2, for more advanced courses

- Some important solubility systems
- Carbonates, geochemistry and hard water
- Complications of solubility equilibria

- What you should be able to do (Part 2)
- References
- Solubility concept map

7 - Ions and electrolytes, electrolytic conduction

Most introductory courses omit this topic

- Electrolytes, electrolytic solutions
- Nature of ions in aqueous solution
- Electrolytic conductance
- Electrolytes weak and strong
- Ionic migration
- Applications of electrolytic conduction
- What you should be able to do
- Concept map

Some useful references

Khan Academy videos

Solubility (13 min)

Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression (14 min)

Simon Fraser University
Burnaby Mountain campus,
looking North

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